Violência por parceiro íntimo contra a mulher e insegurança alimentar: uma revisão narrativa da literatura / Violencia por parte de compañero íntimo contra la mujer e inseguridad alimentaria: una revisión narrativa de la literatura / Intimate partner violence against woman and food insecurity: a narrative review of the literature

O objetivo do presente artigo é revisar a literatura que aborda a relação entre violência por parceiro íntimo contra a mulher e insegurança alimentar. A busca por materiais foi realizada nas bases de dados Pubmed, SciELO, Lilacs e Medline. Foram incluídos estudos prospectivos, retrospectivos e transversais. O critério de inclusão foram estudos que relacionassem a violência por parceiro íntimo contra a mulher e insegurança alimentar, sendo selecionados16 artigos com esse tema. A avaliação da violência e da insegurança foi realizada com escalas e questionários próprios, que mediam, além da incidência, o nível de insegurança e os tipos de violência. Todos os estudos identificaram uma forte associação entre ambos os temas, identificando-se forte associação, bidirecional, entre violência por parceiro íntimo e insegurança alimentar, relação mediada principalmente por problemas psicológicos e econômicos.(AU)

El propósito de este artículo es revisar la literatura sobre la relación de la violencia por parte de compañero íntimo contra la mujer e inseguridad alimentaria. La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos Pubmed, SciELO, Lilacs y Medline. Se incluyeron estudios prospectivos, retrospectivos y transversales. Los criterios de inclusión comprendieron estudios que relacionaron la violencia por parte de compañero íntimo contra la mujer con la inseguridad alimentaria, siendo seleccionados 16 artículos con esa temática. La evaluación de la violencia y de la inseguridad se realizó con escalas y cuestionarios propios que medían, además de la incidencia, el nivel de inseguridad y los tipos de violencia. Todos los estudios identificaron una fuerte asociación entre ambos temas, identificando una fuerte asociación, bidireccional, entre violencia por parte de compañero íntimo e inseguridad alimentaria, relación mediada principalmente, por problemas psicológicos y económicos.(AU)

The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the relationship between intimate partner violence against woman and food insecurity. The search was carried out in the Pubmed, SciELO, Lilacs and Medline databases. Prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional studies were included. The inclusion criteria included studies that related intimate partner violence against women with food insecurity, being selected 16 articles with this theme. The assessment of violence and insecurity was made using scales and questionnaires, measuring the incidence, as well as the level of insecurity and the types of violence. All studies identified a strong and robust association between both topics, identifying a strong association, in a bidirectional way, between intimate partner violence and food insecurity, a relationship was mediated mainly by psychological and economic problems.(AU)

Prevalence and pattern of intimate partner violence among men and women in Edo State, Southern Nigeria

Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a growing concern in Nigeria and globally. Although women are at greater risk of IPV, men are also affected, but this is less reported. Aim: This study sought to determine the prevalence and pattern of IPV among the respondents and to compare the pattern of IPV among the male and female respondents. Setting: The study was conducted in six towns (local government headquarters) across the three senatorial districts in Edo State, Southern Nigeria. Methods: The study was a descriptive, cross-sectional, community-based study. A multistage sampling technique was used in selecting 1227 respondents from Edo State, Southern Nigeria. A semistructured, interviewer-administered questionnaire and the Extended Hurt, Insult, Threaten, Scream (E-HITS) tool were used to collect data, which were analysed with Epi Info version 7.1.2.0. Results: The study found an IPV prevalence of 37.7% among the respondents (confidence interval [CI]: 95%, odds ratio [OR]: 0.169­0.294). The mean age was 38 ± 12 and respondents were mostly female (725, 59.1%), married (770, 62.8%) and unemployed (406, S33.1%), with a tertiary level of education (766, 62.4%). Intimate partner violence was significantly higher among women compared with men (95% CI: 4.474, OR: 3.425­5.846). The pattern of IPV showed a lower OR between sexual and physical IPV (95% CI: 0.276, OR: 0.157­0.485). There was a higher likelihood of IPV among married women (95% CI: 1.737, OR: 1.279­2.358). Conclusion: There is a need to improve the socio-economic status of the Nigerian populace, especially women. Healthy, nonviolent and safe relationships should be promoted in communities by signalling what is socially unacceptable and strengthening sanctions against perpetrators.

Empathetic Dentistry: Noble Opportunity to Restore Broken Hearts of Malaysian Homes

@#Dentistry is not only about restoring teeth and beauty and there is more to it. One such unexplored dimension is the empathetic side of intimate partner violence victims attending dental hospitals. In Malaysian context, recent figures are staggering and 40% were victims; especially women. One must agree that family physician is the first person that victims contact and serving their best. Unfortunately, violence against women is almost universally under-reported to authorities. Thereby the prevalence of intimate partner violence is more than what is being projected in statistics. In such circumstances, it would be reasonable to investigate if dentists have anything to contribute in this regard. The honest truth that should urge dentists to screen intimate partner violence victims are the one being oro-facial injuries and other their close association with intra-oral anatomy. Given these facts, more opportunities exist to restore broken hearts of Malaysian homes.

¿Cuándo utilizan servicios de salud las mujeres que viven en condiciones de violencia de pareja?

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Abstract: Introduction Violence is recognized as a Public Health problem around the world. In the specific case of Intímate Partner Abuse, which occurs at home, women are particularly vulnerable to be abused by their partners. In Mexico, as in other countries in Latin America, the systematic study of violence towards women is incipient. However, it is a highly predominant problem, which has a big impact on women's health, and represents a significant challenge to the Health System demanding health care due to intentional injuries. This paper analyzed information generated by the first National Survey of violence against women in 2003 (ENVIM, by his name in Spanish). Objective The main objective is to identify the factors associated with the health services utilization by women, because of partner abuse. Methodology A cross-sectional design was used, including women users of health care services on public institutions all over the country in 2003. Intimate partner abuse was defined as "the repetitive event of abuse from the male partner side towards the woman, that is characterized by coercive conducts that could include physical, emotional or sexual violence". It was measure in a scale of 27 items, using the Index of Spouse Abuse (ISA) and the Severity of Violence against Women Scale (SVAWS). Both indexes were vali-dated previously in Mexican population. A factorial analysis was used and the factors that explain the variability were obtained. The selection of women to be interviewed was done using a probabilistic stratify biethapic sample. For the first one, medical unites were selected, and for the second, women over 14 years old who went to those medical unities to demand any kind of health care services. The ethic considerations were resolved using the next procedures: participants received information about the research objectives and signed an informant consent letter endorsed by the ethical committee of the Institution. They also received a brochure with information about the local institutions where they can go in case of abuse. Interviewers trained in technical areas as well as abuse management using a questionnaire on private spaces did the data collection. The answer rate was of 98%. The analyzed variables were Socio demographic, search of support on the health staff or reasons for not doing this. An index of socio-economic level categorized as very low, medium and high. Type of institution and services used. The dependent variable was utilization of the health services to attend the injuries due to a partner abuse event, during the last 12 months. The analysis used was simple and bivariate using chi square, and binary logistic regression model. The final model included the variables that in the binary showed a value of p<0.25. We ad-justed the model using the Goodness of Fit Test of Pearson. Results From 24,958 women that utilized public health services 21% reported to have had a partner abuse event in the last year. From these, only 7.3% utilized health services. The more important variables were: age between 25 to 34 years old, elementary schooling and women having a job. Of the sample 94% belong to the very low and medium socio-economic levels; almost half of them (47%) do not have health insurance. More than 80% have a partner at present; 7.6% reported severe violence. From those who had injuries, 72% declared to have had just one minor injury (bruises, body aches), 25.5% reported more than one type of injuries, from which 10.8% were severe and required surgery or hospitalization. The type of injuries that demand more utilization of health services were those subsequent to sexual abuse as genital infection and genital bleeding. Only 45% of the women users' report to have medical insurance. Less than 6% of abused women talked with the health staff about their abuse situation and the main reason was the lack of trust. The factors associated to the utilization of health services were ages over 24 years(ORA 1.57, CI 95% 1.9 - 2.06) alcohol intake by the women (ORA =1.66 CI 95% 1.57-1.75) High Socio economic status (ORA =1.29 CI95% 1.07-1.54). The model was adjusted by severity index and to having medical insurance. There were not significative interactions (p>0.15) and the global adjusted model was p= 0.23. Discussion and conclusions There is a low percentage of abused women injured that utilize formal medical care. This is a very important result for the identification of prevention and control strategies of the partner abuse problem in the health services. The study shows the existence of different types of injuries or medical problems such as genital infections and bleedings, fainting spells, body aches that provoked on one hand that women did not seek medical attention immediately and on the other that the health staff could not identify this kind of health problems with intimate partner abuse. There is a group of more vulnerable women who do not use health services to take care of the consequences of abuse, because they are uninsured. This inequality reveals that it is urgent to provide support services to poor women in the country. The finding about the difficulty for battered women to report their injuries to the health staff because of their lack of trust, agrees with different studies that report the different obstacles found by abused women in facing the health services. The last situation reveals the obstacles to be solved for the NOM implementation too. It is important to mention the study limitations related with the design utilized, and the selection bias due to the inclusion only of users of services. This situation leaves at one side women with less resources, who confront big obstacles for the utilization of health services, and at the other, women from high socio-economic levels, who utilize private health services; therefore there is no accuracy the point out differences. The way in which the question about the utilization of health services was made, makes it difficult to know the number of times these were used. This variable must be explored in future studies. The information generated by the ENVIM allows the Health Sector to define identification-attention strategies of battered women and provides information about the importance of training the health staff to generate trust among in partner-abused women.